Definition: The theory proposes that self-esteem is a barometer of one’s perceived past, present, and future relational value. Therefore, people high in self-esteem (HSEs) feel that they were, are, and will be valued by others, whereas people low in self-esteem (LSEs), doubt they will be.
Anthony, D. B., Wood, J. V., & Holmes, J. G. (2007). Testing sociometer theory: Self-esteem and the importance of acceptance for social decision-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 425-432.
Application: This theory is useful in community development because organizers need to understand their community on a clinical, interpersonal level. Therefore, by understanding how self-esteem relates to past, present, and future value is important to relate to motivation and engagement in an organization. This theory can also be useful for a organizer to use with themselves to understand how their self-esteem is affecting their perceived value to others.
Adaptation: This theory can be adapted to educational domains. In elementary school, teachers can work on improving their students self-esteems so that they will perceive their relational value as being high and want to work in groups and collaborate with others more in the future.
Showing posts with label Emily Fisher. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Emily Fisher. Show all posts
Tuesday, November 17, 2015
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Definition: The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion is a dual process theory that describes how attitudes form and change. It aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change. The two distinct routes of persuasion are central and peripheral.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (pp. 1-24). Springer New York.
Application: In community development, it is necessary for community organizers to understand their communities involvement. If the involvement is low, the number of arguments are more important than having a weak or strong argument. However, if the community is involved, it is important to use a lot of strong arguments, and if your arguments are weak, only say a few things.
Adaptation: This theory can be used in political debates. Knowing the difference between central and peripheral persuasion routes are important because the usefulness of certain factors such as the number of arguments, and using weak or strong arguments depend on the involvement (low/high) of the listeners. If people are only listening for a small amount of time such as through a commercial, in which they are distracted by other things, it is important for politicians to say as much as possible and does not depend strongly on the level of arguments.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (pp. 1-24). Springer New York.
Application: In community development, it is necessary for community organizers to understand their communities involvement. If the involvement is low, the number of arguments are more important than having a weak or strong argument. However, if the community is involved, it is important to use a lot of strong arguments, and if your arguments are weak, only say a few things.
Adaptation: This theory can be used in political debates. Knowing the difference between central and peripheral persuasion routes are important because the usefulness of certain factors such as the number of arguments, and using weak or strong arguments depend on the involvement (low/high) of the listeners. If people are only listening for a small amount of time such as through a commercial, in which they are distracted by other things, it is important for politicians to say as much as possible and does not depend strongly on the level of arguments.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Definition: The theory is a life-span theory of motivation and pursuit of social goals based on time. The theory states that when time is perceived as limited, emotional goals are heightened. When time constraints are put into place, social goals change.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American psychologist, 54(3), 165.
Application: This theory is important in community development because the communities goals can change due to time constraints; therefore, goals for an organization may differ if the community feels their time is limited. Therefore, organizers should be aware of how they talk about their projects, for example, so they can receive goals that are either emotional or non-emotional depending on the need of the community.
Adaptation: This theory can also be used in medical domains. For example, if patients are asked about their goals after being told they have a terminal illness, the goals will be more emotional compared to asking them after talking about something not relating to their time left alive.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American psychologist, 54(3), 165.
Application: This theory is important in community development because the communities goals can change due to time constraints; therefore, goals for an organization may differ if the community feels their time is limited. Therefore, organizers should be aware of how they talk about their projects, for example, so they can receive goals that are either emotional or non-emotional depending on the need of the community.
Adaptation: This theory can also be used in medical domains. For example, if patients are asked about their goals after being told they have a terminal illness, the goals will be more emotional compared to asking them after talking about something not relating to their time left alive.
Tend and Befriend Theory
Definition: Human beings affiliate in response to stress. Under conditions of threat, they tend to offspring to ensure their survival and connect with others (befriend) for joint protection and comfort.
Taylor, S. (2011). Tend and befriend theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 32-49
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Application: Human beings have the need to have contact with others to ensure safety from threat. Therefore, for community development, it is important to understand the intrinsic motivation behind organizing, one reason may be due to threat such as a natural disaster. Community organizers can also use this theory to understand the opportunities behind organizing after a stressful situation.
Adaptation: This theory can be used in medical disciplines. Hospitals should make sure that patients can interact and feel comfort from other patients because being in the hospital is often a threatening place due to loss of autonomy or fear of death.
Taylor, S. (2011). Tend and befriend theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 32-49
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Application: Human beings have the need to have contact with others to ensure safety from threat. Therefore, for community development, it is important to understand the intrinsic motivation behind organizing, one reason may be due to threat such as a natural disaster. Community organizers can also use this theory to understand the opportunities behind organizing after a stressful situation.
Adaptation: This theory can be used in medical disciplines. Hospitals should make sure that patients can interact and feel comfort from other patients because being in the hospital is often a threatening place due to loss of autonomy or fear of death.
Theory of Planned Behavior
Definition: Attitude toward behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control create an individual's behavioral intentions and behaviors.
Ajzen, I. (2011). Theory of planned behavior. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Vol One, 1, 438-459.
Application: Theory of Planned Behavior can be used in community development because it can help predict individual's intention and explain human behavior. Furthermore, the theory of planned behavior can help explain the individual's behavior because the equation (part of the theory) includes "social norm" as an important variable.
Adaptation: This theory can be used in dietary domains as well. For example, if someone has a positive attitude towards their nutritional behavior as well as perceived social pressure that they should be eating healthier, it will create better nutrition behaviors.
Ajzen, I. (2011). Theory of planned behavior. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Vol One, 1, 438-459.
Application: Theory of Planned Behavior can be used in community development because it can help predict individual's intention and explain human behavior. Furthermore, the theory of planned behavior can help explain the individual's behavior because the equation (part of the theory) includes "social norm" as an important variable.
Adaptation: This theory can be used in dietary domains as well. For example, if someone has a positive attitude towards their nutritional behavior as well as perceived social pressure that they should be eating healthier, it will create better nutrition behaviors.
Excitation-Transfer Theory
Definition: The theory states that the intensification of emotional states could be due to highly arousing, but perhaps unrelated experiences. The theory involves the assumptions that (a) critical components of an exciting response decrease slowly and often remain even after the individual has returned from the situation cognitively (b) the individual characteristically does not distinguish between the excitation that are due to prior event and present stimulation.
Cantor, J. R., Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1975). Enhancement of experienced sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli through misattribution of unrelated residual excitation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 32(1), 69.
Application: This theory can be used in community development to create excitement for a new event. For example, an organizer can use a stimulating event as a push-off for a new event that they want the community to be excited about. The excitement will still remain and the community will not be able to distinguish if the excitement is for the old event or the new one.
Adaptation: This theory can also be used in an educational setting. For example, teachers can introduce a topic that may be essential to the student's learning but may not be appealing to the students right after a exciting event such as recess or something that created an intensification of joyful emotions such as a class party. That way, the students will still have components of the exciting response and will be excited about the topic.
Cantor, J. R., Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1975). Enhancement of experienced sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli through misattribution of unrelated residual excitation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 32(1), 69.
Application: This theory can be used in community development to create excitement for a new event. For example, an organizer can use a stimulating event as a push-off for a new event that they want the community to be excited about. The excitement will still remain and the community will not be able to distinguish if the excitement is for the old event or the new one.
Adaptation: This theory can also be used in an educational setting. For example, teachers can introduce a topic that may be essential to the student's learning but may not be appealing to the students right after a exciting event such as recess or something that created an intensification of joyful emotions such as a class party. That way, the students will still have components of the exciting response and will be excited about the topic.
Feelings-as-information theory
Definition: The theory proposed by Norbert Schwarz (professor at U of M!) explains the cognitive consequences of affect. When people make judgments about a target, they rely upon their subjective experiences (including moods, emotions, metacognitive experiences, and bodily sensations) as factual information about the target of judgment.
Schwarz, N. (2011). Feelings-as-information theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 289-308.
Application: Using this theory in community development, it is a good idea to lift people's moods when they are first come to a meeting. For example, playing uplifting music when the community comes into the room will lead them to be in a better mood and judge the organization and the presenters in a more positive way.
Adaptation: Using this theory in the dating world, when people are in a better mood, they will rate the target of judgment (the date) in a more positive manner. For example, if one goes on a date on a sunny day, they will feel better and report that the date went better. Likewise, if they hold a hot drink on a date, they will feel more warmly about the other person than holding a cold drink.
Schwarz, N. (2011). Feelings-as-information theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 289-308.
Application: Using this theory in community development, it is a good idea to lift people's moods when they are first come to a meeting. For example, playing uplifting music when the community comes into the room will lead them to be in a better mood and judge the organization and the presenters in a more positive way.
Adaptation: Using this theory in the dating world, when people are in a better mood, they will rate the target of judgment (the date) in a more positive manner. For example, if one goes on a date on a sunny day, they will feel better and report that the date went better. Likewise, if they hold a hot drink on a date, they will feel more warmly about the other person than holding a cold drink.
Equity Theory in Close Relationships
Definition: People feel most comfortable when they are getting exactly what they deserve from their relationships - no more and no less. In personal relationships, two concerns that stand out: how rewarding are one's societal, family, and work relationships? How fair and equitable are those relationships?
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2011). Equity theory in close relationships. Handbook of theories of Social Psychology, 2, 200-217.
Application: In community development, community organizers must understand how individuals function in close relationships, that is what they are giving and getting out of the relationships. I think organizers can use this theory among their organization and staff that they work with. For example, if the relationship is not equitable, it will not function at its highest ability.
Adaptation: This theory is used in social psychology and in clinical settings. This theory can also be used in professional work settings because relationships become close when working with someone every day of the week, and understanding the dynamic between the staff by using equity theory is important.
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2011). Equity theory in close relationships. Handbook of theories of Social Psychology, 2, 200-217.
Application: In community development, community organizers must understand how individuals function in close relationships, that is what they are giving and getting out of the relationships. I think organizers can use this theory among their organization and staff that they work with. For example, if the relationship is not equitable, it will not function at its highest ability.
Adaptation: This theory is used in social psychology and in clinical settings. This theory can also be used in professional work settings because relationships become close when working with someone every day of the week, and understanding the dynamic between the staff by using equity theory is important.
Monday, November 16, 2015
Drive Theory
Definition: The presence of a passive audience causes arousal which creates a response. In some cases, the presence of an audience will facilitate the better performance of a task while in other cases, it will inhibit the performance depending on if the task is a dominant response (easy to the individual) or a non-dominant response (being subjectively difficult).
Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
Application: This theory can be applied to community development because often community organizers have an audience in which they are speaking to. If the task is a dominant response, that is if speaking about the community development comes easy, the response will be heightened. It is important for community organizers to understand if doing a task is a dominant response or not, and if it is dominant to include an audience to strengthen their task response. If it is not dominant, to practice it alone.
Adaptation: This social psychology theory can be adapted to the theater. For example, when rehearsing (if the individual is comfortable and used to performing), having coworkers or a few people in the audience will improve their response because it is a dominant response.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
Definition: Cognitive Behavioral Theory covers the evidence based, clinical cognitive behavioral therapy that is based on the assumption that cognitive activity affects behaviors, cognitive activity may be monitored and altered and behavior change may be achieved through cognitive change.
Hupp, S. D., Reitman, D., & Jewell, J. D. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral theory.Handbook of clinical psychology: Children and adolescents, 2.
Application: In community development, community organizers need to understand the interaction between cognition and behavior. Furthermore, if organizers are working with demographics that use CBT, they must understand the basic components of the theory. Lastly, if organizers are aware of people's negative cognition's, they will have a better understanding of how to motivate and engage them.
Adaptation: Although CBT is used primarily in clinical social work, CBT can also be adapted to athletic disciplines. That is, if someone started to moved and do activities that they enjoy (even small tasks), they will start to feel better and continue to do more activities. Therefore, athletic facilities should work on making their customers feel good and that they've done some type of positive behavior as soon as they can.
Hupp, S. D., Reitman, D., & Jewell, J. D. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral theory.Handbook of clinical psychology: Children and adolescents, 2.
Application: In community development, community organizers need to understand the interaction between cognition and behavior. Furthermore, if organizers are working with demographics that use CBT, they must understand the basic components of the theory. Lastly, if organizers are aware of people's negative cognition's, they will have a better understanding of how to motivate and engage them.
Adaptation: Although CBT is used primarily in clinical social work, CBT can also be adapted to athletic disciplines. That is, if someone started to moved and do activities that they enjoy (even small tasks), they will start to feel better and continue to do more activities. Therefore, athletic facilities should work on making their customers feel good and that they've done some type of positive behavior as soon as they can.
Saturday, November 14, 2015
Terror Management Theory
Definition: The theory suggests that human mortality causes existential dread and terror, and that much of human behavior exists as a buffer against this dread (e.g. self-esteem and worldviews). Furthermore, the solution to this dread is culture, i.e. symbolic systems that act to provide life with meaning and value.
Greenberg, J., & Arndt, J. (2011). Terror management theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 398-415.
Application: Community organizers can use cultural values that manage the terror of death to help engage and sustain development. Simple examples include belief in afterlife and religion. Other cultural values also offer symbolic immortality such as value of nationality. These are universal attractions that will help unite an organization.
Adaptation: TMT can also be used in marketing. When the thought of human mortality is made salient, the management is made stronger. Therefore, marketing agencies can use this thoery to increase the sales of national pride (flags, memorabilia). For example, after a terror attack, people usually join together to value their nationality to prove that one is part of something that will outlive the individual.
Greenberg, J., & Arndt, J. (2011). Terror management theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 398-415.
Application: Community organizers can use cultural values that manage the terror of death to help engage and sustain development. Simple examples include belief in afterlife and religion. Other cultural values also offer symbolic immortality such as value of nationality. These are universal attractions that will help unite an organization.
Adaptation: TMT can also be used in marketing. When the thought of human mortality is made salient, the management is made stronger. Therefore, marketing agencies can use this thoery to increase the sales of national pride (flags, memorabilia). For example, after a terror attack, people usually join together to value their nationality to prove that one is part of something that will outlive the individual.
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